{"id":367,"date":"2017-10-02T20:13:15","date_gmt":"2017-10-02T19:13:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wikinight.fr\/?p=367"},"modified":"2020-05-30T19:55:14","modified_gmt":"2020-05-30T18:55:14","slug":"367","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/02\/367\/","title":{"rendered":"Distribution spectrale des sources lumineuses (lampes et LEDs) et impact environnemental (halos, biodiversit\u00e9) &#8211; Octobre 2017"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Sommaire<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #212121;color:#212121\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #212121;color:#212121\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/02\/367\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/02\/367\/#Contenu_spectral_des_sources\" >Contenu spectral des sources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/02\/367\/#Impact_paysager\" >Impact paysager<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/02\/367\/#Impact_sur_le_vivant\" >Impact sur le vivant<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/02\/367\/#Le_cas_des_LEDs\" >Le cas des LEDs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Une compilation de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences sur l\u2019impact environnemental de la lumi\u00e8re selon son contenu spectral.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La question du contenu spectral est d\u2019importance dans la mesure o\u00f9 les lampes Sodium Haute Pression, \u00e0 lumi\u00e8re jaune (temp\u00e9rature de couleur &lt; 2000 kelvins), sont souvent \u00e9cart\u00e9es maintenant, au profit de lampes \u00e0 lumi\u00e8re blanche (temp\u00e9rature de couleur &gt; 3000 kelvins) (iodures m\u00e9talliques, LEDs). En particulier dans les zones commerciales, sur les trottoirs, et de plus en plus pour la voirie de centres-villes. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de la lumi\u00e8re blanche \u00e9tant le plus grand respect des couleurs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On distingue deux impacts de la lumi\u00e8re sur l\u2019environnement : l\u2019un sur le paysage (ciel \u00e9toil\u00e9,\u2026), avec les halos au-dessus des territoires \u00e9clair\u00e9s, et l\u2019autre sur le vivant.<\/p>\n<p>La lumi\u00e8re blanche multiplie ces deux impacts par rapport \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re jaune.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contenu_spectral_des_sources\"><\/span>Contenu spectral des sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Le document <a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Europe\/Street%20Lighting%20and%20Blue%20Light%20FAQs.pdf\">Street_lighting_and_Blue_Light_FAQs.pdf<\/a> propose une compilation du contenu spectral de diff\u00e9rentes sources.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 987px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Europe\/Street%20Lighting%20and%20Blue%20Light%20FAQs.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Europe\/Street%20Lighting%20and%20Blue%20Light%20FAQs.jpg\" width=\"997\" height=\"698\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Contenu spectral de diff\u00e9rentes sources\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Source: MSSLC Light Post (<a href=\"http:\/\/energy.gov\/eere\/ssl\/downloads\/light-post-july-2016\">http:\/\/energy.gov\/eere\/ssl\/downloads\/light-post-july-2016<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Le graphe suivant illustre la corr\u00e9lation obtenue entre le contenu en bleu et la Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans le tableau ci-dessus.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 951px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Europe\/Street%20lighting%20and%20Blue%20Light%20-FAQs.xls\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Europe\/Street%20Lighting%20and%20Blue%20Light%20FAQs_xls.jpg\" width=\"961\" height=\"594\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corr\u00e9lation entre le contenu en bleu et la CCT des sources du tableau ci-dessus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_paysager\"><\/span><b>Impact paysager<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La lumi\u00e8re est diffus\u00e9e dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Pour cette raison on voit la trace de la lumi\u00e8re d\u2019un projecteur dans le ciel, un halo au-dessus des villes,\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La lumi\u00e8re est diffus\u00e9e parce qu\u2019elle \u00e9claire des gouttelettes d\u2019eau, des poussi\u00e8res en suspension (diffusion de Mie), et les mol\u00e9cules d\u2019air elles-m\u00eames (diffusion de Rayleigh).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La diffusion de Mie est ind\u00e9pendante de la longueur d\u2019onde, mais la diffusion de Rayleigh en d\u00e9pend \u00e0 la puissance 4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Renforcer le contenu spectral des lampes vers le bleu amplifie la diffusion de Rayleigh et donc la taille et l\u2019intensit\u00e9 des halos.<\/p>\n<p>Diff\u00e9rentes publications rendent compte de ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20paysager\/PhysicsTodayDecember2009.pdf\">PhysicsTodayDecember2009<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sente l\u2019\u00e9volution de la pollution lumineuse. Le contenu spectral est abord\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20paysager\/2017_led-impact-sky-glow.pdf\">An Investigation of LED Street Lighting\u2019s Impact on Sky Glow<\/a> (2017). Une \u00e9tude du d\u00e9partement am\u00e9ricain de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, cibl\u00e9e sur les LEDs.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20paysager\/Diminuer%20halos%20lumineux%20proteger%20ciel%20&amp;%20Environnement%20(c)%20A%20Le%20Gue%20N%20Bessolaz%2028%2006%202009.pdf\">Diminuer halos lumineux proteger ciel &amp; Environnement &#8211; A Le Gue N Bessolaz 2009<\/a><i>.<\/i> Cet article expose la mani\u00e8re dont le contenu spectral d\u00e9termine l\u2019intensit\u00e9 des halos.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20paysager\/Baddiley&amp;Webster.pdf\">Baddiley&amp;Webster<\/a>. M\u00eame th\u00e9matique, avec un paragraphe consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019importance relative des diffusions de Mie et de Rayleigh.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20paysager\/Baddiley_Sky_Luminance.pdf\">Baddiley_Sky_Luminance<\/a><i>.<\/i> M\u00eame propos. Influence de la longueur d\u2019onde p. 35.<a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20paysager\/1%20Skyglow%20modelling%20CJB.ppt\">1 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20paysager\/1%20Skyglow%20modelling%20CJB.ppt\">Skyglow modelling CJB<\/a><i>. <\/i>M\u00eame propos. Influence de la longueur d\u2019onde p. 59-61.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/developer.nvidia.com\/gpugems\/gpugems2\/part-ii-shading-lighting-and-shadows\/chapter-16-accurate-atmospheric-scattering\">GPU Gems &#8211; Accurate Atmospheric Scattering<\/a>. Pour l\u2019anecdote, les cr\u00e9ateurs d\u2019images virtuelles s\u2019int\u00e9ressent aussi \u00e0 la mod\u00e9lisation de la diffusion de la lumi\u00e8re, Mie et Rayleigh\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_sur_le_vivant\"><\/span><b>Impact sur le vivant<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p><em>Soir\u00e9e d&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9 en Ile-de-France :<br \/>\n<\/em><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0ZeZ4YhTZao\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L\u2019impact de la lumi\u00e8re est renforc\u00e9 avec le contenu spectral vers le bleu. Des articles rendent compte de l\u2019impact sur les insectes, mais aussi sur le cycle circadien de l\u2019homme.<\/p>\n<p>Des temp\u00e9ratures de couleurs inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 3000 kelvins seront pr\u00e9conis\u00e9es pour contenir l\u2019impact environnemental.<\/p>\n<p>Diff\u00e9rents articles pr\u00e9sentent l\u2019impact de la lumi\u00e8re en fonction du contenu spectral :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Une <a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/References-With_Abstracts.pdf\">bibliographie<\/a> importante est disponible. Quelques exemples sont propos\u00e9s ci-apr\u00e8s.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/Action%20spectre%20lumineux%20Secretion%20melatonine%20Brainard%20all%202001%2015%2008.pdf\">Brainard all 2001<\/a>. Concerne la biologie humaine, montre que le bleu est le plus actif sur le cycle circadien ou la r\u00e9gulation de la s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion de la m\u00e9latonine.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/potentiel_biologique_234.pdf\">Brainard et Glickman<\/a>. Traduction d\u2019un article sur l\u2019action de la lumi\u00e8re et de son contenu spectral sur le cycle circadien. Brainard et d\u2019autres, publient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement sur l\u2019influence de la lumi\u00e8re sur le m\u00e9tabolisme :<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Brainard, G. C., G. Glickman, B. Sanford, J. Greeson, J. Hanifin, B. Byrne, E. Gerner and M. Rollag (2000) Human circadian photoreception: action spectrum for melatonin suppression. Abstr. 13th Internat. Congr. Photobiol., 697<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gooley, J., Brainard, G., Rajaratnam, S., Kronauer, R., Czeisler, C. and Lockley, S. (2007) Spectral sensitivity of the human circadian timing system. PO073, \u2018worldsleep07\u2019, 5<sup>th <\/sup>congress of the World Federation of Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine Societies, 2-6 September 2007, Cairns, Australia. Abstract in Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 5, A22 (2007).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thapan K, Arendt J, Skene DJ, 2001, An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J.Physiol, 535, 261-267.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Takahashi, J. S., P. J. DeCoursey, L. Bauman, and M. Menaker (1984) Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms. Nature 308, l86-l88.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Marc Th\u00e9ry, <a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/Marc-Thery_144.pdf\"><i>Cons\u00e9quences \u00e9cologiques de l\u2019\u00e9clairage nocturne sur la faune<\/i><\/a>. \u00c9clairages ext\u00e9rieurs \u2013 Les nuisances dues \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re, guide 2006. Association Fran\u00e7aise de l\u2019\u00c9clairage.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/blue_white%20light.pdf\">IDA<\/a><i>. <\/i>Le positionnement de l\u2019International Dark-Sky Association, alerte sur l\u2019impact de la lumi\u00e8re blanche sur le cycle circadien.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/green_light_to_birdsNAM.pdf\">Green_light_to_birds<\/a>. La r\u00e9duction du rouge dans le spectre des lampes d\u2019une plate-forme p\u00e9troli\u00e8re pour minimiser l\u2019attraction des migrateurs. En effet, les oiseaux migrateurs, eux, paraissent sensibles au rouge.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/eisenbeis.pdf\">Eisenbeis<\/a>. Un article consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019attractivit\u00e9 des lampes sur les insectes selon leur contenu spectral. Les lampes sodium jaunes sont les moins attractives. Toutefois leur impact reste consid\u00e9rable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9 : <i>Street lamps which illuminate public areas and places at night are of different types, emitting different spectra. All of them (e.g. white mercury (HME), orange sodium (HSE) or sodium-xenon vapour lamps (HSXT)) attract insects. During summer nights, myriads of insects fly restlessly around the lamps, which therefore have a marked impact on insect biology. There is some evidence that lamps differ with respect to their insect attraction. Sodium lamps, for instance, attract insects less strongly than white mercury lamps. We tested the attraction of three lamp types and, in addition, an ultraviolet absorber foil and some controls (lights without illumination). All installations were carried out by the electric utility of Rheinhessen\/Germany (EWR) at three sites in a rural area. To trap insects, we used 19 air-eclector traps which had been positioned within the light cones of the street lights. We caught a total of 44,210 insects (including some arachnids), distributed among 12 orders. Altogether the data set comprised 536 night trapping records. The results show that the number of insects captured at the three sites and the attraction per eclector per day depends significantly on both the type of lamp and the site. By using sodium vapor street lamps (HSE), the number of insects caught was reduced signficantly by more than 50%, and in the case of Lepidoptera by about 75%. We therefore recommend the use of sodium high pressure vapour lamps to improve the conservation of insect fauna. The results further show that there is a large potential to reduce costs for municipalities by switching street illumination from mercury vapour (HME) to sodium vapour (HSE) lamps.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/Rapport%20Aubineau%20Morgane.pdf\">Aubineau<\/a>. Une \u00e9tude importante sur l\u2019attractivit\u00e9 de diff\u00e9rentes sources lumineuses sur les insectes.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/ento12.pdf\">Ashfaq<\/a><i>. <\/i>Efficacit\u00e9 de la couleur des sources lumineuses pour le pi\u00e9geage des insectes, comme alternative aux pesticides. La couleur bleue est la plus efficace.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/Insect%20Response%20To%20Different%20Wavelengths%20of%20Light%20in%20New%20River%20State%20Park.doc\">Pate-Curtis<\/a>. M\u00eame type d\u2019\u00e9tude et de r\u00e9sultat.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/Potter2002.doc\">Potter2002<\/a>.<i> <\/i>Idem.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/Volume%207-1-83-85.pdf\">Walker-Galbreath<\/a><i>.<\/i> Idem. L\u2019association de diff\u00e9rentes sources, enrichissant le spectre, conduit \u00e0 la plus grande attractivit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/light%20preferences.doc\">James-Smith<\/a><i>. <\/i>M\u00eame type d\u2019\u00e9tude. L\u2019UV (lumi\u00e8re noire) domine. Bleu, blanc, et vert sont comparables et sont beaucoup plus attractifs que le jaune.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/Cabello_insecte_lumiere_blanche.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alberto-Kirschbaum<\/a><i>. <\/i>Incidence de la temp\u00e9rature de couleur sur l\u2019attractivit\u00e9 des insectes.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/109-114.pdf\">Ramamurthy<\/a><i>. <\/i>Efficacit\u00e9 de diff\u00e9rentes sources lumineuses pour le pi\u00e9geage des insectes, comme alternative aux pesticides. Le spectre du mercure est le plus efficace.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/Chapter%2015%20Eisenbeis%20and%20Hanel%20with%20pictures_final2.pdf\">Eisenbeis and Hanel<\/a>. Une synth\u00e8se de l\u2019impact de la lumi\u00e8re sur les insectes, avec l\u2019aspect spectre des lampes. Le mercure est beaucoup plus attractif que le sodium.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/scheibe\/961995505.pdf\">Scheibe_th\u00e8se<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/scheibe\/Bericht.pdf\">Scheibe_2<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/scheibe\/Scheibe.pdf\">Scheibe_3<\/a><i>. <\/i>Les travaux de Mark Andreas Scheibe sur l&rsquo;attractivit\u00e9 de la lumi\u00e8re sur les insectes aquatiques. Pas de conclusion simple quant aux effets du contenu spectral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Quelques r\u00e9f\u00e9rence suppl\u00e9mentaires qui abordent le contenu spectral de la lumi\u00e8re :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Buchanan, B. W. 1993. Effects of enhanced lighting on the behaviour of nocturnal frogs. Animal Behaviour 45(5): 893 to 899.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><i>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 : Biologists studying anuran amphibians usually assume that artificial, visible light does not affect the behaviour of nocturnal frogs. This assumption was tested in a laboratory experiment. The foraging behaviour of grey treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis, was compared under four lighting conditions: ambient light (equivalent to bright moonlight, 0.003 lx), red-filtered light (4.1 lx), low-intensity &lsquo;white&rsquo; light (3.8 lx), and high-intensity &lsquo;white&rsquo; light (12.0 lx). The treatments were chosen to correspond to standard methods of field observation of frog behaviour. The foraging behaviour of frogs in the four treatments was observed using infra-red light that was invisible to the frogs. The ability of the frogs to detect, and subsequently consume prey was significantly reduced under all of the enhanced light treatments relative to the ambient light treatment. Thus, the use of artificial light, within the visible spectrum of the frog&rsquo;s eyes, can influence the outcome of nocturnal behavioural observations. These results lead to the recommendation that anuran biologists use infra-red or light amplification devices when changes in frogs&rsquo; visual capabilities may influence the conclusions drawn from a study. <\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>FUKUDA, N. et al. (2002).- Effects of light quality, intensity and duration from different artificial light sources on the growth of petunia (petunia x hybrida vilm.). Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural. Science, 71(4) : 509\u2013516.<\/li>\n<li>GAL G., LOEW E.R., RUDSTAM L.G. &amp; MOHAMMADIAN A.M. (1999).- Light and diel vertical migration spectral sensivity and light avoidance by Mysis relicta. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci 56 : 311-322.<\/li>\n<li>GAUTIER, H. et al. (1998).- Comparison of horizontal spread of white clover (Trifolium repens l.) grown under two artificial light sources differing in their content of blue light. Annals of Botany, 82(1) : 41\u201348.<\/li>\n<li>Govardovkii, V. L. and L. V. Zueva, 1974. Spectral sensitivity of the frog eye in the ultraviolet and the visible region. Vision Research 14:1317-1321.<\/li>\n<li>Hailman, J. P. and R. G. Jaeger. 1974. Phototactic responses to spectrally dominant stimuli and use of colour vision by adult anuran amphibians: a comparative survey. Animal Behaviour 22:757-795.<\/li>\n<li>Hartman, J. G. and J. P. Hailman. 1981. Interactions of light intensity, spectral dominance and adaptational state in controlling anuran phototaxis. Zietschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 56:289-296.<\/li>\n<li>Jaeger, R. G. and J. P. Hailman. 1976. Ontogenetic shift of spectral phototactic preferences in anuran tadpoles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90:930-945.<\/li>\n<li>Jaeger, R. G. and J. P. Hailman. 1976. Phototaxis in anurans: relation between intensity and spectral preferences. Copeia 1976:92-98.<\/li>\n<li>Kicliter, E. and E. J. Goytia. 1995. A comparison of spectral response functions of positive and negative phototaxis in two anuran amphibians, Rana pipiens and Leptodactylus pentadactylus. Neuroscience Letters 185:144-146.<\/li>\n<li>Kolligs, D. (2000). \u00ab\u00a0Ecological effects of artificial light sources on nocturnally active insects, in particular on butterflies (Lepidoptera).\u00a0\u00bb Faunistisch-Oekologische Mitteilungen Supplement <b>28<\/b>:1-136.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><i>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 : It is a well known phenomena that night-active insects are attracted by artificial light sources. With a growing urban environment and a high number of street lamps and other light emitting sources, the response of night active insects to artificial light becomes of in-creasing importance for nature protection. This study focuses on the behavioural response of different insect orders, families and species to the most frequently used exterior lighting and street lamps (mercury- and sodium-vapour lamps). These artificial sources of light distinctly increased in the last decades. In the city of Kiel (North-Germany) the number of streetlights was fifty times higher in 1998 than in 1949. The investigations were carried out at two sites in Schleswig-Holstein (North-Germany): in Albersdorf \/ Dithmarschen (western Schleswig-Holstein) and in Kiel on the university campus (eastern Schleswig-Holstein). In Albersdorf, the insects were attracted by a light emitting greenhouse (10,000 m2) and by two punctually radiating light sources (light traps with mercury and sodium-vapour lamps) and became comparative investigated in 1994 to 1995. Two different methods were used to record insects at the greenhouse. Butterflies (Lepidoptera) were sampled by hand. The remaining insects were trapped in two 1.5 m2 large sample areas using a suction trap. Insects from each of the four sides of the green-house were sampled and trapped separately. The two light traps caught the insects automatically. On the campus of Kiel University insects were studied from 1994 to 1996. For this purpose four street lamps equipped with mercury-vapour lamps had traps attached to the socket. On one of the four street lamps the mercury-vapour lamp was exchanged by a sodium-vapour lamp with the same light intensity. In 1996 two additional street lamps were equipped with a different type of trap. 72,267 insects from 114 insect families and 96,725 insects from 138 families were redorded at Albersdorf and at Kiel, respectively. Butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), caddies flies (Trichoptera) and sciarid flies (Sciaridae) were determined to the species level. An analysis of the catches gave the following resuits: Mosquitos (Nematocera) made up the majority of all captured insects (40 &#8211; 90 %). The other most conunon groups were butterflies (Lepidoptera), flies (Brachycera) and beetles (Coleoptera). In both study areas Hymenopterans (Hymenoptera), aphids (Aphidina), cicadas (Cicadina), true bugs (Heteroptera), neuropterans (Neuroptera), caddis flies (Trichoptera), psocids (Psocoptera) and mayflies (Ephemeroptera) made up less than 1 % of the total catch. Catches from adjacent street lamps (25 m apart) were distinctly different in their insect compositions. These differences seem to be caused by the surrounding habitats and the wind exposure of the lamps. Significant differences between the compositions of samples from different street lamps were oniy found between May and the end of August. In spring and autumn the sample 13 sizes were small and species compositions were not significantly different. In contrast to hand sampling not all insects that flew into street lamps were caught by the automatic light traps (e. g. only 30-40 % of the Lepidoptera were caught by the traps) No significant correlation was found between the size of a light source and the number of Lepidoptera attracted by it. Rather the intensity and the light spectrum seem to control butterfly abundance at a light source. The light spectrum of the sodium-vapour lamp attracted fewer species and individuals than the mercury-vapour lamp. Otherwise from some species, e.g. he swift mohs (Hepialidae) or the geometric moth Idaea dimidiata, more individuals were registrated at the sodium-vapour lamps. Only single individuals of endangered butterfly species were found at the different light sources, while 31 beetle species of the Red List of Schleswig-l-Iolstein were captured in the study area in Kiel.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Korkosh, V. V. (1992). \u00ab\u00a0Behavior of Atlantic saury and features of its response to light.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Voprosy Ikhtiologii<\/i> <b>32<\/b>(4):132-137.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><i>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 : The behavior of Atlantic saury was studied in an artificial light environment. It is found that the response of the fish to light varies during the year and is determined by biological and ecological factors. The effectiveness of attraction of the fish to light depends on the power and spectral characteristics of light sources. A suggestion is made to use xenon bulbs DKST-20,000. It is established that attraction to light in Atlantic saury is based on the food procurement factor.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>OKAMOTO, K. et al. (1996).- Development of plant growth apparatus using blue and red led as artificiallight source. Acta horticulturae, 440 : 111\u2013116.<\/li>\n<li>Reed, J. R., 1985, Seabird Vision: Spectral Sensitivity and Light Attraction Behavior, Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Wisconsin (Madison), 200p.<\/li>\n<li>Reed, J. R., 1985, Seabird Vision: Spectral Sensitivity and Light Attraction Behavior,. Abstract in <i>Int. B. Sci. Eng.,<\/i> 47(4), 1452.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Le_cas_des_LEDs\"><\/span>Le cas des LEDs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Avec l&rsquo;av\u00e8nement des LEDs et leur spectre \u00e0 forte composante bleue, l&rsquo;impact de la lumi\u00e8re est reconsid\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences suivantes illustrent la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de la lumi\u00e8re issue des sources LED.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Memorandum &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/MEM_Light%20Pollution.pdf\">Light Pollution by Road Lighting<\/a> (Hera Luce, 2017). Une synth\u00e8se des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de la lumi\u00e8re selon la nature des sources, en termes de diffusion atmosph\u00e9rique, comme de perception photopique, m\u00e9sopique et scotopique.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/a16-csaph2.pdf\">Human and Environmental Effects of Light Emitting Diode<\/a> (LED) Community Lighting (Kraus, AMA 2016). Avis \u00e9mis par l&rsquo;American Medical Association, qui confirme celui de l&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/LED_Avis%20anses%20oct%202010.pdf\">ANSES de 2010<\/a> (cf. point plus bas).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cet avis de l&rsquo;AMA, ci-dessus, a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 une notice explicative sur le contenu spectral, <a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Street%20Lighting%20and%20Blue%20Light%20FAQs.pdf\">Street Lighting and Blue Light FAQ<\/a>, de la part du <a href=\"http:\/\/eeb.org\/\">European Environmental Bureau<\/a> (EEB), dans laquelle les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques des diff\u00e9rentes sources de lumi\u00e8re sont pass\u00e9es en revue, particuli\u00e8rement la proportion de bleu \u00e9mises par les diff\u00e9rentes sources.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/LED_Avis%20anses%20oct%202010.pdf\">LEDs-ANSES<\/a> (2010)<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:View>Normal<\/w:View><w:Zoom>0<\/w:Zoom><w:HyphenationZone>21<\/w:HyphenationZone><w:Compatibility><w:BreakWrappedTables\/><w:SnapToGridInCell\/><w:WrapTextWithPunct\/><w:UseAsianBreakRules\/><w:UseFELayout\/><\/w:Compatibility><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<\/w:BrowserLevel><\/w:WordDocument><\/xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]>\n\n\n\n<style>\n \/* Style Definitions *\/<br \/>table.MsoNormalTable<br \/>{mso-style-name:\"Tableau Normal\";<br \/>mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;<br \/>mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;<br \/>mso-style-noshow:yes;<br \/>mso-style-parent:\"\";<br \/>mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;<br \/>mso-para-margin:0cm;<br \/>mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;<br \/>mso-pagination:widow-orphan;<br \/>font-size:10.0pt;<br \/>font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}<br \/><\/style>\n\n\n\n<![endif]-->. Dans un communiqu\u00e9 du 19 octobre 2010 (saisine 2008-SA-0408) sur les \u00ab Effets sanitaires des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9clairage utilisant des diodes \u00e9lectroluminescentes (LED) \u00bb, l\u2019Agence Nationale de SEcurite Sanitaire (ANSES) souligne le d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre spectral des LEDS vers le bleu, et la tr\u00e8s forte luminance des sources (\u00e9blouissement). L&rsquo;ANSES \u00e9met des recommandations visant \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger la population par une r\u00e9vision de la norme NF EN 62471 relative \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 photobiologique des lampes, concernant certaines LEDs bleu roi ou blanc froid (contenu bleu et Ultra-Violet significatif), encore renforc\u00e9 avec le vieillissement de la LED.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/anpcen\/Spectre%20lampes%20vs%20Environnement%20nocturne%20v2\/Impact%20biodiversite\/potentiel_biologique_234.pdf\">LUX n\u00b0234<\/a>. Un dossier de l&rsquo;Association Fran\u00e7aise de l&rsquo;Eclairage. Le potentiel biologique de la lumi\u00e8re chez les hommes : importance pour notre sant\u00e9 et notre comportement. La lumi\u00e8re que re\u00e7oit l\u2019\u0153il active un chemin du syst\u00e8me nerveux qui r\u00e9gule la physiologie du syst\u00e8me circadien et neuroendocrinien. Ce chemin est s\u00e9par\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re pr\u00e9dominante de celui de la vision et des diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9flexes visuels. Une rupture des syst\u00e8mes circadiens et neuroendocriniens, qui peut r\u00e9sulter de changements saisonniers, journaliers ou rapides \u00e0 l\u2019exposition habituelle \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re peut contribuer \u00e0 g\u00e9n\u00e9rer divers troubles, cliniques ou non. Il est d\u00e9sormais bien \u00e9tabli que l\u2019exposition \u00e0 une lumi\u00e8re judicieusement dos\u00e9e peut \u00eatre utile dans le traitement et la pr\u00e9vention de ces troubles. A long terme, ces d\u00e9couvertes devraient aboutir au d\u00e9veloppement de solutions d\u2019\u00e9clairage optimales pour la vision, la sant\u00e9 physiologique et le bien-\u00eatre de tous.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Une compilation de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences sur l\u2019impact environnemental de la lumi\u00e8re selon son contenu spectral. La question du contenu spectral est d\u2019importance dans la mesure o\u00f9 les lampes Sodium Haute Pression, \u00e0 lumi\u00e8re jaune (temp\u00e9rature de couleur &lt; 2000 kelvins), sont souvent \u00e9cart\u00e9es maintenant, au profit de lampes \u00e0 lumi\u00e8re blanche (temp\u00e9rature de couleur &gt; &#8230; <a title=\"Distribution spectrale des sources lumineuses (lampes et LEDs) et impact environnemental (halos, biodiversit\u00e9) &#8211; Octobre 2017\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/02\/367\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Distribution spectrale des sources lumineuses (lampes et LEDs) et impact environnemental (halos, biodiversit\u00e9) &#8211; Octobre 2017\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1260,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,8,4],"tags":[18,19],"class_list":["post-367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualite","category-biodiversite","category-dossiers","tag-leds","tag-spectres"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/367","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=367"}],"version-history":[{"count":80,"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/367\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3145,"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/367\/revisions\/3145"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1260"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=367"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=367"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikinight.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=367"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}